Why I Enrolled at MIT

MIT Class of 2021 decisions have been out for almost 2 weeks now. As you continue to receive results from other universities, heres some advice from current MIT students and why they decided to enroll. Ronayw Massachusetts Institute of Technology 20 I was so lucky and got into so many wonderful schools. When I was still deciding, someone at MIT told me that choosing which school to go to is really like choosing which version of yourself you most want to become. And I saw so many pathsat Harvard, I could become a leader, an activist, but I didnt like socializing with an agenda. At Stanford, I could become an entrepreneur, but the business-y side of start-up culture didnt attract me. I received a full-ride from USC, but the school was so big that I got overwhelmed. Ultimately, I chose MIT for its collaborative culture and educationto solving problems. Lagrassa Massachusetts Institute of Technology 18 I visited the University of Michigan and loved some people there. There were some nerds and very enthusiastic engineers that were crazy about their work. There were also people who left class part way and did not care at all about academics, only sports. However, I realized that the aspects I liked about the University of Michigan were a hundred times more prevalent at MIT. I also liked the cooperation between MIT students. Team based projects are the way of the future and MIT does not have competition in the same way I heard about at other schools. MIT students work together. Catheryn Massachusetts Institute of Technology 18 Good faculty-to-student ratios, research opportunities, etc. are equally fantastic at all prestigious colleges. Ultimately, you should find somewhere you feel you truly belong: the physical environment, location, and most importantly, the people. Meet other prefrosh, meet older studentsmake sure you can find friends and fit in well with the culture! Dorszy Massachusetts Institute of Technology 20 MITs engineering and science programs are consistently ranked number one; MIT had so much more to offer me. While Princeton might be ranked as number one overall, I noticed, by talking to various upperclassmen, that their coursework and other lab work was very theoretical while MIT really taught students how to use and apply all the knowledge the professors taught. While Princeton still is a great university, MIT remains miles ahead in engineering. Thats why I chose MIT - because I knew it wouldnt hold me back, that students there werent pretentious, and that their students come out soaring with flying colors. jmgreer23 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 17 Because I liked how excited everyone is on campus. Everyone does everything with a great sense of enthusiasm, and after visiting campus for the preview weekend and seeing how excited everyone was to get a new set of freshmen on campus, I couldnt pass it up. In the end, what sold me was the people on campus, not the great learning opportunities I have here. Don’t let your application essays and materials go to waste. Turn your success into insights for future applicants bycreating a profile. Plus, you get to earn some extra money!

buy custom Obesity in Children essay

buy custom Obesity in Children essay Indulging in fast foods choices by children while spending their time in front of the television or by playing video games has lead to obesity. According to researchers, the root cause of obesity in adults can be traced back to their childhood; an implication that obesity has both short and long term impacts, affecting both their physical and psychosocial health. A lot of children are now being diagnosed with adult conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol levels etc, and there is a high likelihood that they will carry the obesity burden into adulthood, if the right measures won`t be taken early enough to avert the problem. Research shows that overweight children, who develop into obese adolescents and adults, have high chances of developing health complications. Abnormalities of cardiovascular consequences in adulthood are examples of problems that begin in childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is directly related to increased energy consumption of diet, sedentary lifestyle, and decrease in physical activity levels (Summerbell, et al., 2005). In many countries such as Australia with estimated 20%, and The United States with 60% of obese children, obesity is increased significantly by spending long hours in front of television (Lennan, 2004). Also, the impact of vast number of environmental and cultural factors such as increase in family breakdown may contribute to the increase in obesity among children (Summerbell, et al., 2005). There are recommendations by The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) to help families of obese children, by following the weight management guideline for young people that focuses on outcomes such as, healthy eating and physical activity in controlling levels of obesity and overweight in children (Lennan, 2004). Parents may manage their childrens weight, by encouraging the eating of low calories foods, and more casual activities such as walking or riding a bike to school. Parents are in a better position to understand how obesity in their children affects them, ranging from the high cost of medical bills in treating obesity-related health problems as a result of health complications. Therefore, families should take the responsibility to ensure that children follow these guidelines, in order to maintain a healthier lifestyle. The result will be lower risks of having health issues such as obesity in children and a better management of overall next generations health (L ennan, 2004). This paper discusses the contributing factors of obesity in children, the health implications, and how it can be prevented. Risk Factors The following factors have increased the prevalence of obesity among children; Behavioral Factors Obesity occurs, when one consumes more calories than can burn. In the United States, the changing environment has broadened food options and eating habits of people. Supermarkets shelves are stocked with a wide selection of foods, such as fast foods, pre-packaged foods. Numerous fast food restaurants have also thrived in the US, such as McDonalds, selling people high calorie-foods, in the name of convenience, thus contributing to the excess caloric intake, causing the weight gain (Dietz, 2004). Food portion servings have also been increased inrestaurants and homes. Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Lifestyles Research indicates that a decrease in the amount of energy one spends daily, without an associated decrease in the overall energy consumption, is a major contributor to increased childhood obesity. Children spend most of their leisure time in front of the television, or computer, playing video games, or watching cartoon programs. Children in the US, for example, spend about of 25% of their waking time in front of the television (Freedman, Khan Dietz, 2001). This, when coupled with the associated intake of high calorie snacks during that time, increases obesity in children. Research has also reported that schools have reduced the amount of time that children engage in physical activity, while in school. The insufficient or total lack of physical activity, in addition to taking too many calories, puts children at risk of being obese. Physical Environment Researchers have classified the physical environment, among the risk factors contributing to the rapid increase of obesity not only among children, but adults as well. For instance, the developed environments, in the urban areas have been a hindrance for children to engage in physical activity due to the limited space outdoors for children to play, insecurity in the neighborhoods, unattended dogs, as well as traffic jam that can prevent children from walking or biking to school, as a way of exercising. Genetics Studies have proved that genetic susceptibility is a risk factor that causes obesity; that people who are biologically related exhibit resemblance in maintenance of their body weights. About 5-40% of obesity cases in children are hereditary. In addition, a child whose both parents are obese, have 75% probability of being obese, while a child, with only one obese parent, has 25-50% of being obese (Freedman, Khan Dietz, 2001). Advertising and Marketing Advertising have adverse effects on children, in terms of their food consumption, preferences and behavior. One study revealed a significant correlation between the weekly viewing of the television among three-year old children, and their food requests, as well as the parental purchases of the particular foods that were advertised on the television (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, 2010). While some foods are advertised as fat-free, low-fat, or healthy, they actually contain additional calories than the foods they are supposed to replace. Such misguided, notions, have lured children, to put pressure on their parents to buy for them the foods they have seen on TV. Parents, on the other hand, have yielded to the demands of their children, despite the fact that they know that such foods contain high calories. Effects of Childhood Obesity Obesity in children has been associated with health conditions such as diabetes, elevated cholesterol levels, hypertension, cancer, asthma, as well as sleep apnea (disrupted breathing during sleeping). Other than increasing the risk of health problems among the children, the effect of obesity is also being felt in terms of the amount various countries spend on healthcare cost. For instance, the United States used an estimated $102.2 billion on healthcare in 1999; in 2008, the amount increased to $117 billion. In addition, about 300,000 deaths from obesity-related health problems are being reported yearly in the US (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, 2010). Treatment/ Prevention There is no treatment for obesity; therefore, emphasis should be placed on prevention. The weight management guidelines provided by The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) to families to help young people with obesity include, healthy eating through the reduction of dietary fat, taking foods with low calories, and reducing food portions, as well as, increasing physical activity. This involves lowering sedentary behaviors in children, such as watching the television for long hours. Parents should also encourage children to eat healthy snacks and fruits instead of the high-calorie snacks, as well as totally changing food menus to healthier foods (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, 2010). If everyone in the family is eating healthy foods, children with obesity will also be encouraged to eat healthy. In addition, parents should encourage their children to engage in more physical activity, such as walking or cycling when going to school, as opposed to taking a bus, make it a routin e for children to engage in housework chores, to enable them burn some calories. Parents should understand that weight loss is a gradual process, and therefore, they should not put pressure on the children to lose weight fast; instead, they should support and motivate them. Obesity in children can be reduced only through a proper diet or exercise. Since children cannot take individual responsibility to take control of what they eat or do, it is up to the parents to encourage them to engage in more physical activity, while providing them with healthier meals. Conclusion Obesity is a condition that causes serious health problem among children. The condition cut across all ages, races, and sex. The alarming rate, at which the problem has increased among children, is worrying. The main risk factors that have been associated with childhood obesity include sedentary, inactive lifestyles, physical environment, genetics, behavioral factors, and television advertising. There is, however, no cure for children`s obesity, but a change of lifestyle, has been found to be effective in controlling the incidence of obesity among children. This involves more involvement in physical activity, and eating proper diet, with healthier foods. Since children are too young to know what is right or wrong, parents have to be responsible for encouraging eating and a healthy life style. However, the efforts of parents alone cannot fully control the problem. Teachers should also allocate an adequate time for children to exercise in school, as well as providing them with health education. Since prevention is the only way to control children`s obesity sustainably, prevention programs are, therefore, very important. Such programs should be very comprehensive encompassing behavioral, educational, and environmental components, and this requires the efforts of all stakeholders, especially children, parents, public health agencies, the media, education professionals and health care providers. In conclusion, we should all unite to help prevent childhood obesity. Buy custom Obesity in Children essay

Personal Statment Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Statment - Personal Statement Example This served as the turning point of my career path. After finishing my military services, I started working at Paldo advertisement firm with a view to learn fundamental company systems and organization. During my off-work hours, I did home trading in the stock market, and I rapidly became attracted to the stock market. This was primarily because the stock market showed me how people think, move and how the economy performs on a daily basis. The stock market has an intricate relationship with the sale of products and services, and this further appealed to me and sparked my interest (Arco 56). However, I encountered immense difficulties in chart reading exercises, which pushed me to study it in the US. My greatest strength lies in my ability to decipher information on the stock market reports, as well as think rationally in light of such information. I am also pleased with my academic achievements, as well as my professional work experiences. Between May and December 2006, I attended Samyook University in Seoul, South Korea where I studied leisure sports and physical education. This education proved worthwhile during my stint at the military. I served in the military service as an ai r force between January of 2007 and March 2009. During this time, I worked under the specialty Military Police and VIP escort security where I served dignitaries such as the Korean president, former US president George W. Bush and prime ministers from many countries. After completing my military services, I joined Paldo advertising firm where I obtained immense experience in business operations and behavior. My interest in business grew while working at Paldo advertising. In order to enhance by business understanding, I decided to travel to the US for further studies. Therefore, between March 2010 and November 2010, I studied English through the English as a

Wal-Mart. Workplace report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wal-Mart. Workplace report - Essay Example The company encouraged through its business policies the consumers to save money and also lead an enhanced lifestyle. In the current era, Wal-Mart has enhanced its customer servicing initiatives through the incorporation of applications via mediums like websites and mobile phones. These activities contributed to the development of concepts related to online shopping. The company operates internationally through its branches spread over 27 countries under different retail formats. Strategic leadership, innovation and commitment to the stakeholders are some of the right keywords that can be effectively related to Wal-Mart operating in the international retail paradigm (â€Å"Our Store†). The organisational structure of the company available in the Appendix shows that it has a hybrid form and operates based on the creation of specialised units that take care of corresponding and related operations based on a global scale. In each department, specific heads are deputed that take c are of the legal, merchandising, sourcing, and electronic and web commerce and also financial and corporate affairs of Wal-Mart. Pertaining to the regions, effective decentralisation is practiced by creating heads and deputy heads for international regions relating to Asia and European countries (â€Å"Walmart†). Analysis of the Management of Wal-Mart The analysis of the management of Wal-Mart will be done based on the different management models related to decision-making and team building activities. Decision-Making Models The Rational Model The Rational Model related to decision-making functions rests on four main steps identified as follows. Firstly, the implementation of the model starts from identifying a potential problem; secondly, the model endeavours to generate effective solutions to the problem identified; thirdly and fourthly, the model probes to select a solution from the list of generated ones and tends to evaluate its feasibility in meeting desired ends respec tively. Thus, the Rational Model is based on a series of logical steps that aim at finding an optimal solution to the problem identified. The Rational Model is also based on some assumptions according to which the manager takes decisions in a well informed environment (Kreitner and Knicki 337). Simon’s Normative Model The Normative Model, as rendered by Herbert Simon, stands in contrast with the Rational Model and tends to operate in an environment of uncertainty. This model, being non-rational in nature, tends to follow assumptions according to which the manager is does not work in an informative work environment. Further, Simon’s Normative Model also reflects that decision-making activities of managers are largely bounded by a set of constraints generated from the personal and work atmosphere levels of the individual. These constraints, generated from the personal and work atmospheres of the individuals, create hindrances for the manager in retrieving the right amoun t of information for optimal decision-making functions. The manager, owing to the inability to identify and evaluate different alternative solutions to the problem, happens to take resort to the satisficing approach that appears to be good enough in the light of the problem identified. Through the process of satisficing, the solutions that are satisfactory enough are gained, in contrast to being optimal in addressing the problem (Kreitner and Knicki 340). The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) is a decision-making process where decisions are gained from involvement of people in groups rather than acting in an individual manner to come up with solutions. In this process, firstly, a group is convened in an organisational set up so that the problem is aptly discussed between the people in the group constructed.

Different Ways To Communicate Electronically Information Technology Essay

Different Ways To Communicate Electronically Information Technology Essay Electronic communication has become a very popular means to communicate worldwide. Electronic communication is used for the transfer of different types of data and images through wire, electromagnetic, photo electronic or photo-optical system and radio. Electronic communication is so popular that many businesses and people consider it to be essential tool in our daily lives. The Potomac Knowledge Project from the Marino Institute states Electronic communications is interactive. It engages audiences in active, two-way communications; a self-selected audience, engaged and actively participating in the communications process. There are many ways to communicate electronically, each with benefits and risks related to business or personal use. It is likely that in the future, advances in technology and computer programming will enable us to communicate in ways we can only dream about today. Different Ways to Communicate Electronically Email. There are many different types of electronic communication including but not limited to: email, social media newsgroups, chat rooms, video conferencing, instant messaging, phone and fax. Email via the widely used internet is popular because people are able to write short messages, receive quick responses and include photographs or reports with formatted data quickly and efficiently. Sending information through the conventional or snail mail can be costly and time consuming. Using email for personal or professional purposes is an efficient means of communication. Social Media. Many newsgroups and chat rooms now use Facebook, MySpace and Twitter, a type of social media for communication purposes which lets the user give an instant message and receive an instant response with supporting live video images. Users are able to post messages to a particular group of people or to members of a specific club and comment instantaneously. Miscellaneous. Workplace-communication.com lists over fifty-five different types of electronic communication currently used in the workplace! Some other types of electronic communication that may not fall clearly in one of the above categories above are listed below: Fax Short-wave Radio Radio Broadcast Video Conferencing Skype Satellite Phone Texting Telephony Wikis Electronic communication has gained wide recognition, has innumerable practical applications and provides benefits for the user including quick communication, is cost effective and has easy access. The Benefits Work Related Environment. Many different types of organizations are using electronic communication facilities. Electronic communication provides the opportunity for groups of people in different geographical locations to communicate interactively through text, sound and video. Team members can work on and make contributions to the same document at the same time, engage in meetings and share information on projects. The ability to communicate and problem solve as a team increases the likelihood of an increase in productivity and customer satisfaction. In addition, many businesses are sponsoring discussion groups concerning issues related to the business (products, strategies, etc.) as a resource to offer further communication and marketing prospects. Electronic communication also enables people to work from home, called telecommuting. Working from home provides employees flexibility and saves office space, money spent on paper, printing and postal delivery. The communicated informatio n may be stored on disks, on computer hard drive files and is easily retrievable when needed. For Individual Use. For individual use electronic communication has become a way for people around the world to share pictures, graphics, conversations, and play interactive software games. People are able to communicate more economically when compared to phone or mail and are able to communicate quickly to friends and family who live a distance away. This type of communication has become a very important means of social communication. Careers in Electronic Communication. With the boom in technology and the computer industry, software services, electronic communication, programming, and security issues will provide growing opportunities for employment in the United States and worldwide. The demand for individuals and employees who are knowledgeable in the field of electronic communication will continue to increase. Working in electronic communications is a great option for those with marketable skills interested in securing employment in a fast growing field. The Risks Personal Mail is Insecure. Sending someone a personal electronic message can become a permanent record. It is easy to compromise your reputation by messaging something negative or offensive. Electronic messages are hard to stop once they have been sent and unlike paper messages they can be delivered instantaneously. Electronic messages are not secure and can be easily copied, resent or forwarded to others so you can never know for sure who will read it and form a negative opinion of you. It is also easy for someone to search all posted messages for your name as it travels through the internet; potential employers are now using this as a means to evaluate personality strengths and character when considering a potential hire. When sending a message you really have to think about whether or not you would like the public to read your message in the future. Tom Van Vleck , The Risks of Electronic Communication lists common examples of not using good judgment when sending electronic commun ication: broadcasting or posting a funny message sending or posting an angry message using sarcasm or irony criticizing others in public posting a message or sending mail late at night sending a message about a person that you wouldnt want them to see Business Mail. When communicating with a business or company using electronic mail it is important to look for a guarantee that the company will keep your information for its use only and will not sell your name or address to other companies. Users also need to be guarded when receiving emails from businesses inquiring about personal account information, credit card or billing information as business scams or identity theft have become a significant concern in electronic communication. Computer Hacking or Virus. Secondly, a big concern with electronic communication is security. Your computer can be hacked and/or infected with a computer virus. Most often when hacking a hacker is trying to access personal information for illegal purposes. A computer virus can impact the computer system and network, can erase data on the C-drive, cause the user to be unable to open files, delete files, slow down transmission speed, may replicate information and share it with others, and can alter the structure of messages which can be misunderstood. Electronic viruses can be challenging to detect and to clean off of your computer. For a business, cleaning up viruses can be costly. Conclusion In conclusion, electronic communication does present challenges in security and more recently in fraudulent actions using users personal information for illegal purposes. The use of the Internet, computer and electronic communication has become widely used for business and personal use. With the advances in computer technology and the rapid increase in different types of electronic communication, this form of interaction will continue to grow in popularity for professional and private use. ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION INTRODUCTION DIFFERENT WAYS TO COMMUNCATE ELECTRONICALLY Email Social Media Miscellaneous THE BENEFITS Work Related For Individual Use Careers in Electronic Communication THE RISKS Personal Mail is Insecure Business Mail Computer Hacking or Virus CONCLUSION

Einstein- A Life in Science

This critical account, addresses the life of Albert Einstein, surrounding his remarkable scientific discoveries, unwrapped by the authors Michael White and John Gribbin in a book published in 1993. The book has evoked and attracted great interest from magazines and newspapers. If you have ever wondered what `E=mcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½` means, this is definitely the book for you. The book elaborates one of Einstein's most renowned theories, that of Quantum physics for which he received the infamous Nobel Prize. Einstein used to be a Patent Officer, which he enjoyed because he had a great deal of spare time to accomplish his scientific work. He died on the eighteenth of April 1955. His brain was removed for medical research, which you would find astonishing as it makes one think, would Einstein have really wanted his brain removed? The book explains the theory of relativity (E=mc2), extremely well. The theory was based on two subsequent variables: Firstly, `echoing` which as explained by Newton, was that the speed of light is the same for all observers, irrespective of what their relative speed is. If an American rocket, for example, had a physics lab on board and was launched in one direction, and the same was done with a Japanese rocket, sent off in the opposite direction, any experiments carried out on either rocket would be exactly the same. The second postulate uses Maxwell's equations, which conclude that light is constant so it is written as `c`. This led to Einstein's predictions, which were not `commonsensical.` He predicted that a moving ruler and everything around it shrinks and gets heavier, while a moving clock runs slow. If an observer sees a spaceship going past him at three-quarters of the speed of light, and another one flies in the opposite direction at the same speed, observers in either spaceship will measure the relative speed of the other spaceship as 0.96c, not 1.5c as the time slows down. This shows that the closer a person travels to the speed of light, the slower the time will get. If someone travels at the speed of light, time will stop. `E=mcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½` means that energy is equal to mass at rest. When mass disappears, for example in a nuclear fission process, this amount of energy must appear in some other form. This also tells us the total energy of a particle of mass, `m`, sitting at rest. Einstein formed part of the team working on the atomic bomb. It was calculated that a vast amount of energy released in a fission reaction would be used in an atomic bomb. Einstein agreed to be the spokesman for the scientific community and sign a letter persuading Roosevelt to take action. He was later known as the father of the atomic bomb because of this. The result was devastating. This was against Einstein's pacifist views but he had no choice as the Nazis could build the bomb if the allies did not. Since then, the Americans and Russians have been racing in warfare. The atomic bomb was built by the USA. The Russians followed. It was an arms race between the Democratic and Communist world. The USA made the hydrogen bomb, Russia eventually caught up. Then the USA built the nuclear bomb. Several other countries built the nuclear bomb too. His strong pacifist views and political views also made him a marvellous person with the public. Einstein A Life in Science is an excellent book and is worth recommending to those who are curious about what `E=mcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½` means. It is fascinating to learn that Einstein based his work on the remarkable achievements made by other scientists such as Newton and Maxwell. I would recommend this book to the older audience, particularly to those who have an interest in relativity and quantum physics. This is a very interesting book, which I enjoyed reading because there is a lot to learn about Einstein's life and his incredible work. One should not get put off by looking at the thickness of the book and the small print writing. Once you get into this book, you will not want to stop reading. Overall, I do not think this book explains the science very clearly. I had to read through the special theory of relativity twice before I understood the concept clearly. This book needs to be more concise so the reader can understand the concept more easily because it can be confusing at times. The language used in this book is at a high level, so the younger audience will find it hard to understand the concept. On the other hand, the variety of sentence structures stops the reader from getting bored. This book is a great example to people as the message is that if one works to their utmost potential, they can achieve a lot.

Learning process in behaviour Essay

Learning is a permanent change in behaviour caused by experience. The learner does not need to have the experience directly; we can also learn by observing others . It is an ongoing process. Our knowledge of the world is continually being revised as we are exposed to new stimuli and receiving ongoing feedback that allows us to modify our behaviour when we find ourselves in a similar position again Psychologists who have studied learning have developed advanced therories on the process of learning. Here we will discuss the two major approaches to learning; instrumental and classical conditioning. Classical Conditioning It occurs when a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own. A Russian physiologist , Pavlov introduced classically conditioned learning by pairing a neutral stimulus ( a bell ) with a stimulus known to cause a salivation to dogs ( he squirted dry meat powder). The powder was an unconditioned stimulus because it was capable of causing the response. Over time, the dog has learned to associate the bell with its meat powder and begin to salivate at the sound of the bell only. The drooling of these canine consumers because of a sound now has a linked to feeding time, was a conditioned response ( CR ). This basic of classical conditioning applies to responses controlled by the autonomic and nervous systems. When these cues are consistently paired with a conditioned stimuli such as brand names, we as consumers may feel hungry, thirsty or aroused when later exposed to brand cues. Conditioning effects are more likely to occur after the (CS) conditioned and  unconditioned ( UCS ) stimuli have been paired a number of times. Repeated exposures increases the strength of stimulus-response associations and prevent the decay of these associations in memory. Many marketing strategies focus on the establishment of associations between stimuli and responses. Behavioural learning principal applies to many consumer phenomena, ranging from the creation of a distinctive brand image to the perceived linkage between a product and an underlying need. The transfer of meaning from an unconditioned stiulus to a conditioned stimulus explains why made-up brands like Marlboro, Coca-Cola or IBM can exert such powerful effects on consumers. Operant conditioning Over the years behaviourist have carried out operant principals out of the narrow world of the skinner box and into the wider room of society. The use of the operant techniques to help people change unwanted, dangerous, or self-defeating habits in real world settings is called behaviour modification ( applied behaviour analysis ) Behaviour modification has had enormous success, behaviorist have taught parents to toilet train their children in only a few sessions etc. as you can see from everyday world behaviour modificaton is not a science but an art. Operant Conditioning : process of applying the law of effect to control behaviour by manipulating its consequences. Law of effect: behaviour followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behaviour followed by unpleasant consequences is not 4 basic reinforcement strategies is use in operant conditioning; – positive reinforcement -negative reinforcement -punishment -extinction Positive reinforcement : the process by which people learn to perform acts leading to such desirable outcomes. Whatever behaviour led to the positive outcome is likely to occur again, thereby strengthening that behaviour by making a pleasant consequences contingent onto its occurrence. Negative reinforcement: Negative reinforcement is the process by which people learn to perform acts that lead to removal of undesired events or unpleasant consequence contingent onto its occurrence. Punishment: administrating of negative consequences or withdrawal of positive consequences that tend to reduce the likelihood of repeating the behaviour in similar settings Extinction: ceasation of previously established reinforcer that is maintaining a behaviour by removal of a pleasant consequence of its occurrence. Positive reinforcement can take many forms. One of the strongest is praise and recognition for the good work. It is good rewards management. It shifts the emphasis and energy of the manger towards a larger number of employees, rather than focus all the attention and time on poorer employees. If done correctly it can make all but the worst employees feel that the organization recognizes and appreciates their effort and contributions. If the desired behaviour is specific in nature and is difficult to achieve , a pattern if positive reinforcement called shaping can be used. Shaping is the creation of a new behaviour by the positive reinforcement of successive approximations leading to the desired behaviour. Negative reinforcement governs a good deal of our behaviour. Some people do  think that it is a reasonable way to manage people at work that is, employees who engage in undesirable behaviour should expect something to happen to them. But there are some difficulties with this approach. First it creates a tens environment ( difficult to work everyday where the main motivation is to prevent unpleasant outcomes ) secondly, relationships often deteriorates when superiors represent a constant threat to be avoided. There can be adverse side effects in using punishment. – An action intended to punish may instead be reinforcing because it brings attention -the recepient of punishment often responds with anxiety ,fear or rage -the effectiveness of punishment is often temporay, depending heavily on the presense of the punishing person or circumstances -most misbehaviours is hard to punish immediately thus resutingin the reinforcement of the undesired behaviour -punishment conveys little info Extinction is important and quite commonly used. This strategy decreases the frequency of or weakens the behaviour . The behaviour is not â€Å"unlearned†; it simply is not exhibited. Since the behaviour is no longer reinforced, it will reappear when it is reinforced again. Whereas positive reinforcement seeks to establish and maintain desirable work behaviour, extinction on the other hand is intended to weaken and eliminate the undesirable behaviour Law of contingent reinforcement states for reward to have the maximum reinforcing value ; it must be delivered only if the desired behaviour is exhibited . Secondly, the law of immediate reinforcement states , the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurence of a desirable behaviour, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward. Timing of postiove reinforcement; a) the continuous reiforcemnt schedule administers a reqrd each tie a desired behaviour occurs b) b) an intermittent or patila reinforcement schedule rewars a behaviour only periodically. – 4 varieties of partial reinforcement schedule – a) Fixed interval schedules b)Variable interval schedules c)Fixed ratio schedules c) Variable ratio schedules In general , a mange can expect that the continuous reinforcement will draw a desired behaviour more quickly than will intermittent reinforcement Steps in positive reinforcement program; @identify specific behaviour that are to be changed; must be accurate and reliably observed and then recorded. Behaviour should be measurable and observable. @ determine the links between the target behaviour, its consequences and stimulus condition leading to the beaviour) @develop and set specific behaviour goals for each person and target behaviours @recording process toward the goal @apply appropriate consequences; rewards, punsihmnets,extinction